Sulfur Cycle
Microorganisms contribute greatly to the sulfur cycle; a simplified version … Read more
Phosphorus Cycle
Biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus is important for a number of … Read more
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen exists in redox states from –3 to +5, and … Read more
Carbon Cycle
Carbon is the element that defines life, and as such, … Read more
Protein-Folding Dynamics
We know that the sequence of amino acids ultimately determines … Read more
Quaternary Structure of Proteins
Quaternary structure is the final level of protein structure and … Read more
Tertiary Structure of Proteins
The tertiary structure of a protein is the three-dimensional arrangement … Read more
Secondary Structure of Proteins
The secondary structure of proteins is the hydrogen-bonded arrangement of … Read more
Primary Structure of Proteins
The amino acid sequence (the primary structure) of a protein … Read more
Protein Structure and Function
Biologically active proteins are polymers consisting of amino acids linked … Read more
Peptides with Physiological Activity
One of the most important of these roles is that … Read more
The Peptide Bond
Individual amino acids can be linked by forming covalent bonds. … Read more
Amino Acids Can Act as Both Acids and Bases
In a free amino acid, the carboxyl group and amino … Read more
Structures and Properties of Amino Acids
The R groups, and thus the individual amino acids, are … Read more
Amino Acids Are Three-Dimensional
Among all the possible amino acids, only 20 are usually … Read more
Taxonomic Ranks Provide an Organizational Framework
The definition of a bacterial or archaeal species is widely … Read more
Microbial Taxonomy Is Based on the Evolution of Multiple Traits
Microbiologists are faced with the daunting task of understanding the … Read more
Determination of ABO blood group
Introduction The classification of blood groups based on the presence … Read more
Determination Of Blood Clotting Time (Practical)
Whenever a great blood vessel ruptures bleeding continues. In a few minutes blood looses its fluidity and sets into a semisolid mass. The mass is referred as clot and the phenomenon as coagulation.
Notes of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Introduction A type of blood cell that is made in … Read more
Pelvic Girdle of Varanus
Pelvic Girdle Pelvic girdle also consists of two similar halves … Read more
Pectoral Girdle of Varanus
Pectoral Girdle The pectoral girdle is composed of two similar … Read more
Reverse Transcribing DNA Viruses
After reading this section, you should be able to: ■ … Read more
Retroviruses: Plus-Strand Viruses That Use Reverse Transcriptase in Their Life Cycles
After reading this section, you should be able to: ■ … Read more
Minus-Strand RNA Viruses: RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Is Part of Influenza Virus
After reading this section, you should be able to ■ … Read more
OSAZONE Phenylhydrazine Test
Principle Compounds containing the -CO-CHOH- group from crystalline osazone with … Read more
Tobacco Mosaic Virus [TMV] an overview
Most plant viruses are RNA viruses, and of these, plus-strand … Read more
Poliovirus an overview
Poliovirus (also called human enterovirus C), the causative agent of … Read more
Plus-Strand RNA Viruses: Genomes That Can Be Translated upon Entry
Plus-strand RNA viruses have genomes that can act as mRNA … Read more
Rotaviruses
Human rotaviruses (family Reoviridae) are responsible for the deaths of … Read more